Coveted by kings and eulogised by poets, Rosalba Carriera was one of the most popular artists of the Rococo. As two of her works are offered for sale, Jessica Lack looks back on an extraordinary career that was extinguished by tragedy
In 18th-century Italy, the artist Rosalba Carriera (1673-1757) was so highly regarded that poets dedicated sonnets to her. Gaspare Gozzi eulogised her ‘noble nature’ and ability to turn evil into beauty, while Pierre Jean Mariette suggested her ‘images came from heaven’ and her ‘colours have given Light to the world’.
Their respect was well founded: by the early 1700s, the Venetian-born painter, who began her career painting pictures on snuff boxes, was considered to be the greatest pastellist in Europe. Her studio in Venice was filled with progressive thinkers and grand tourists, while German princes devoted entire galleries to her portraits. By 1705 she had been elected into the prestigious Accademia di San Luca in Rome.
It goes without saying that this stellar career was not the traditional path for a woman, nor was her background artistically auspicious. Carriera’s father was a lowly government worker and her mother, Angela, an embroiderer. The Carriera matriarch, though, was clearly enlightened when it came to Rosalba and her two sisters, Giovanna and Angela.
When the poet Luisa Bergalli (1703-1779) published an edition of sonnets in 1738, she dedicated it to Rosalba’s mother for having educated her daughters so well. She also cited the three sisters in a poem challenging those who ‘scorn the gentle sex’:
‘Come and admire the works / Of Angela, Rosalba, and Giovanna; / And further say if heaven condemns us women / To working just with needle and with thread.’
Carriera’s career coincided with a revival in fortunes of her native city. Venice had been in slow decline until the advent of the Grand Tour, when extravagant travellers keen for keepsakes of the city sent back paintings and sculptures to their homes in northern Europe.
Rosalba Carriera, Self-Portrait, 1709, holding a portrait of her sister Giovanna, pastel on paper. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Photo: Mondadori Portfolio/Electa/Remo Bardazzi/Bridgeman Images
The artist’s pastel portraits were the perfect prize for the affluent flâneur abroad. Unlike oils, they required no lengthy underpainting, and they were often made on paper, which was easy to transport at minimal expense. Carriera was also one of the first artists to use pastel to soften the face, creating an immensely flattering, yet realistic portrait of the sitter.
The two pictures of young women, below, offered in the Old Master & British Drawing & Watercolour online sale until 27 July, are fine examples of Carriera’s work. In addition to extensive blending, which creates a velvety quality, the artist was a master of the ‘dry brush’ technique, in which the flat side of the chalk is grazed over a contrasting colour to suggest diaphanous material, as can be seen in the women’s dresses.
As Carriera’s popularity swept across Europe in the early 1700s she was invited to Paris and Vienna, where her sitters included the famed Rococo painter Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684-1721) and the young King Louis XV. Augustus III of Poland (1696-1763) purchased more than 150 works by the artist, while in England, she had a number of important followers, namely William Hoare of Bath, Francis Cotes and John Russell.
Throughout her life, Carriera remained resolutely single. ‘I have a cold, withdrawing nature,’ she wrote by way of refusal to one proposal of marriage. She was, however, generous and supportive of younger female artists, most notably the Rococo painter Felicità Satori (c. 1714-1760), who trained under her. It is almost certain that her decision not to marry was strategic, enabling her to have total autonomy over her finances.
In the last decade of her life, Carriera went blind, and the depression she had suffered on the death of her beloved sister Giovanna in 1738 returned. The demand for pastel portraits had also waned as patrons sought out the less theatrical, more serious Neo-Classicism.
Carriera stopped work and lived out her remaining years on the Dorsoduro in Venice. Following her death in 1757, her friend Bergalli concluded, ‘Thanks to her beautiful paintings, her reputation has penetrated everywhere.’ Yet by the early 1900s, she was all but forgotten.
In the past two decades, however, that has begun to change. In 2002, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York bought a portrait of the Second Viscount Boyne. Exhibitions of Carriera’s work soon followed, as did Bernardina Sani’s catalogue raisonné, published in 2007. In 2008 Christies set an auction record when it sold a similar portrait to the Met’s for £421,250. Since then, a new generation of collectors has rediscovered her luminous visions.
Bonhams to Sponsor the Official Prize for Venice Glass Week in September 2020
New York – On July 31, Bonhams will offer stunning glass works in the sale of Modern Decorative Art + Design, a selection of 45 glass designs from Venice, Italy, with many of the works at auction for the first time. This sale presents an excellent opportunity for new and established collectors alike, with estimates ranging from $2,000 to $20,000.
Leading the glass selection are colorful works by Laura Diaz de Santillana (1955-2019), the grand-niece of celebrated Murano glass designer, Paolo Venini (1895 – 1959). Highlights include two exquisite blown glass works: Qumran Verdi Acquamare, 2004, and Flag 36, 2005. Both are each estimated at $12,000-18,000.
Dan Tolson, Bonhams International Director of Modern Decorative Art + Design, said: “Laura Diaz de Santillana was born and raised in Venice, but actually went to New York to study art. This also makes these pieces perfect for the New York sale – a segue between the ancient Venetian craft of glass making and New York’s abstract expressionist art scene.”
Glassmaking in Venice was initially located in the city, but due to the risk of fires, the entire industry was moved to the Venetian island of Murano in the 13th century and the artisans were forbidden from leaving or sharing their ideas with outsiders.
Paolo Venini profoundly changed a 2000-year-old industry by inviting major artists and designers to the island, from 1920 to around 1970. Murano witnessed seismic artistic and technical advancements with renowned architect Carlo Scarpa, sculptor Napoleone Martinuzzi, and Fulvio Bianconi, among others.
Other glass highlights in the sale include: • Fulvio Bianconi (1915-1996), Rare Variant Pezzato Vase, designed 1951, this example acquired 1960 together with the original receipt of purchase from Venini, Venice, 314 San Marco, dated 10 July 1960 (estimate: $10,000-15,000) • Carlo Scarpa (1906-1978), Rare A Macchie Dish, 1942 (estimate: $15,000-20,000) • Tadao Ando (born 1941), Set of Three ‘Rosetta’, ‘Ghiaccio’ and ‘Velato’ ‘Ando’ Vases, 2011 (estimate: $20,000-30,000)
In addition, Bonhams is proud to sponsor the official prize for The Venice Glass Week (TVGW). The Venice Glass Week, from September 5-13, is the international festival founded in 2017 to celebrate, support and promote the art of glassmaking: the artistic and economic activity for which the Lagoon City of Venice has been renowned around the world for over 1,000 years. https://www.theveniceglassweek.com/en/
Tolson, added: “Bonhams is delighted to be supporting the festival once again with the second edition of the TVGW Prize, following the inaugural edition last year. The prize is aligned with Bonhams’ philosophy of celebrating exceptional talent, innovation, and recognizes the vision of today’s glass masters and artists, and their unique contribution to the global design community.”
Exhibition Showcasing Over 500 Years Of Art History Opens In LondonEvening Sale To Take Place On 28 July
This summer, Sotheby’s London will present a one-off auction and exhibition that spans over half a millennium of art history. From Rembrandt, ‘the first modern painter’, to Richter, who has earned his position as one of today’s greatest contemporary painters by reinterpreting the masterpieces of his forefathers, the sale will offer the very best from Old Masters, Impressionist & Modern Art, Modern & Post-War British Art and Contemporary Art – travelling through the Italian Renaissance and the Dutch Golden Age, to the revolutionary birth of Modernism, and the invasion of Pop Art and Post-modern Abstraction.
The exhibition opens to the public in Sotheby’s New Bond Street galleries today, with many of the works on view for the first time in decades. They will be hung in such a way as to illuminate the often-unexpected connections between artists and periods, shining a spotlight on the various threads that run through Western art history.
The Evening Sale will take place at 6pm BST on 28 July, offering over seventy works. Among the star lots are works by Joan Miró (est. £20-30 million / $25-37.5 million), Francis Bacon (est. £12-18 million / $15-22.5 million), Henri Matisse (est. £8-12 million / $10-15 million), Rembrandt (est. £12-16 million / $15-20 million), Gerhard Richter (est. £9-12 million / $11.3-15 million), Fernand Léger (est. £8-12 million / $10-15 million), Pablo Picasso (est. £6-9 million / $7.5-11.3 million), David Hockney (est. £4-6 million / $5-7.5 million) and Alberto Giacometti (est. £4-6 million / $5-7.5 million). Almost two-thirds of the art in the sale has never been at auction before, and of the lots that have appeared in the past, some 70% have been off the market for two decades. View the full catalogue online here.
Highlights Include Works by Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Roy Lichtenstein, Wayne Thiebaud and Andy Warhol
Pablo Picasso
Portrait de jeune fille, d’après Cranach le jeune (Portrait of a Young Woman, After Cranach the Younger), 1958
Estimate: $300,000-500,000
NEW YORK – 14 JULY 2020 – Phillips’ sale of Editions & Works on Paper, New York will livestream from New York and London to bidders worldwide across two sessions July 23-24. The sale features superlative works on paper and prints and multiples spanning the 20th and 21st centuries, including a dynamic selection of modern works by Escher, Dalí, Dubuffet, Marcoussis, Matisse and Miró, along with contemporary editions by Baldessari, Dine, Diebenkorn, Haring, Hockney, KAWS, Longo, Rauschenberg, Ruscha and Twombly. The day session of the sale also features a remarkable group of works never offered at auction before from the Museum of Modern Art benefitting the museum’s acquisition fund. This sale follows on a series of unprecedented online Editions sales that achieved record prices for prints by Genieve Figgis, Leon Polk Smith, Alexander Calder, Sonia Delaunay, Zao Wou-Ki, Peter Saul and Felix Gonzalez-Torres, amongst others.
Kelly Troester and Cary Leibowitz, Phillips’ Worldwide Co-Heads of Editions, said, “We are excited to be back offering a strong selection of works showcasing the best works from the 20th and 21st centuries through a combination of traditional live and enhanced online auction technologies. We were thrilled at the results of our three online Editions sales we held since April which averaged 98% sold by lot, and expect similar enthusiasm for this diverse group consigned from a number of estates and private collectors.”
The sale is anchored by the elegant Portrait de jeune fille, d’aeprès Cranach le Jeune by Pablo Picasso. This is Picasso’s first and most important linoleum cut print, made using four blocks printed in color and one in black. This particular impression demonstrates the dimensionality of the bold color, as well as the luxuriousness of the glossy, smooth black. Created in 1958 this influential work is indicative of Picasso’s inventiveness as an artist and his devotion to reimagining personally impactful art historical images. Portrait de jeune fille, has been written about extensively and exhibited in institutions and galleries worldwide.
Another highlight of our modern section is Wassily Kandinsky’s Kleine Welten (Little Worlds),a complete set of twelve prints. In this portfolio, each print’s self-contained composition brings to a mind a ‘little world’ bursting with cosmic energy, by way of floating geometrical shapes, dissolving checkerboards and wavy lines. The set includes four lithographs in colors, two woodcuts in color, two woodcuts in black and four drypoints in black on various papers. This portfolio demonstrates Kandinsky’s commitment to Gesamtkunstwerk, or ‘total work of art’, by presenting a breadth of printmaking techniques in one portfolio.
Printed in 1964 and published in 1965, Wayne Thiebaud’s Delights presents seventeen archetypal examples of the artist’s subject and style in etching. Formatted as a book, inherent to half the edition, Delights is an homage to life’s simple pleasures. Featuring images of pristine cakes lined up in a window and ice cream scoops piled high on cones, Delights marked the beginning of a more than 50-year printmaking partnership for Thiebaud at Crown Point Press in San Francisco. Our Evening Sale features a group of colorful, lithographs by Joan Mitchell notably two large diptychs from 1992, Trees IV and Sunflowers III, as well as, Flowers I, from the Bedford Series. Additionally, the Evening Sale offers a group of quintessential Pop artworks by Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. The works by Warhol include Marilyn, 1967; Alexander the Great, 1982; Mother and Child, from Cowboys and Indians, 1986; a complete set of four Hammer and Sickle, 1977, among others. Works by Lichtenstein include Reflections on Conversation, from Reflections Series, 1990; Water Lilies – Blue Lily Pads, from Water Lilies Series, 1992; the monumental abstract Imperfect Diptych 46 ¼” x 91 3/8”, from Imperfect Series, 1988, among others. Also included in our Evening Sale are exceptional examples of post-war German art including Sigmar Polke’s Sauberes Auto – gute Laune (Clean Car – Good Mood) a unique variant screenprint in colors on fabric, Blinky Palermo’s Happier than the Morning Sun ‘to Stevie Wonder’ four grano-lithographs in red and a plywood multiple, and an early Gerhard Richter Mao collotype from 1968. Wayne ThiebaudDelights, 1965Estimate: $60,000-90,000Four of seventeen images illustratedAndy WarholMarilyn, 1967Estimate: $100,000-150,000
A special group of works from the Museum of Modern Art, New York will be offered in the Day Sale to benefit the museum’s acquisitions fund. These works include iconic, early Pop prints by Roy Lichtenstein, specifically Crying Girl, 1963; Brushstroke, 1965; Sunrise, 1965; Landscape 1, from Ten Landscapes, 1967 and Whaam! Poster, 1967. The five early Lichtenstein works were bequest to the museum by collector Jan Cowles in 2019. Also being offered to benefit MoMA’s acquisition fund is Henry Moore’s Four Reclining Figures, a lithograph from 1973, bequest to MoMA by collectors Nina and Gordon Bunshaft. Gordon Bunshaft is a modern and post-war architect, whose notable buildings include the Lever House in New York and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, D.C.
Roy LichtensteinCrying Girl, 1963Estimate: $20,000-30,000*Sold to benefit MoMA’s Acquisition Fund
John BaldessariNose/Silhouette, 2010Estimate: $15,000-25,000
Joan MitchellSunflowers III, 1992Estimate: $40,000-60,000
Sigmar PolkeSauberes Auto – gute Laune (Clean Car – Good Mood), 2002Estimate: $15,000-25,000
Additional Highlights
Joan MiróLe Pitre rose (The Pink Clown), 1974Estimate: $25,000-35,000
Keith HaringUntitled (two lovers), 1989Estimate: $12,000-18,000
Larry BellPCFBK 8 (Planal Curve Fade on Black), 1979Estimate: $8,000-12,000
Mark BradfordCan You Feel It? (Sissafied; Putcho Dress Down; Big daddy; fasss 2; and mijo), 2004Estimate: $12,000-18,000
Phillips is a leading global platform for buying and selling 20th and 21st century art and design. With dedicated expertise in the areas of 20th Century and Contemporary Art, Design, Photographs, Editions, Watches, and Jewelry, Phillips offers professional services and advice on all aspects of collecting. Auctions and exhibitions are held at salerooms in New York, London, Geneva, and Hong Kong, while clients are further served through representative offices based throughout Europe, the United States and Asia. Phillips also offers an online auction platform accessible anywhere in the world. In addition to providing selling and buying opportunities through auction, Phillips brokers private sales and offers assistance with appraisals, valuations, and other financial services.
Starting this auction is a portion of Americana (lots 1 to 8); autographs by world leaders, entertainers, scientists, explorers, athletes, and others (lots 9 to 36); and Presidential autographs (lots 37 to 59). Presidential autographs include a fiery letter signed by Andrew Jackson, railing against Congress for having censured him after removing the deposits from the United States Bank. In this sale, you will also find a small group of emotional letters Ted Kennedy wrote to a newspaper editor after his presidential aspirations were shattered by the Chappaquiddick incident.Browse Lots 1 to 221
Lot 143: George Gershwin, photograph signed and inscribed, with an autograph musical quotation from An American in Paris, 1928. $8,000 to $12,000.
Autographs by Musicians
Featuring The Enrico Caruso Collection of Albert M. Bary
At the heart of this portion of this sale are the musician autographs, including a photograph with an autograph musical quotation signed by George Gershwin days after the premier of An American in Paris, as well as several lots of items by Giacomo Puccini, including romantic letters to two different lovers. Lots 62 to 138 are from the Enrico Caruso collection of Albert M. Bary (1929-2019), which contains numerous caricatures, including many portraying Caruso himself, and many that have been published. Numerous signed photographs are featured, several of which portray Caruso in some of his well-known roles. Remarkable letters to Caruso’s lovers, children, and other associates, as well as many postcards sent during his world tours.Browse Lots 60 to 170
Lot 62: Archive of 47 letters by Enrico Caruso to a lady friend, 1906-20. $7,000 to $10,000.Lot 63: Enrico Caruso, archive of 17 postcards, 1907-16. $1,000 to $2,0000.
Lot 216: Walt Disney, signature on title-page of Ward Greene’s Lady and the Tramp, first edition, first printing. $3,000 to $4,000.
Early Printed Books & Manuscripts
Containing incunabula, illustrated books, English and Continental imprints, and manuscripts on a wide range of subjects, including early Bibles, fine bindings, literature, Renaissance editions of the classics, law, and more. A travel section features printed and illustrated books and manuscripts chronicling voyages to the arctic. A portion dedicated to medicine, science, and social sciences spans the centuries with important contributions, early imprints, and first editions of high spots.Browse Lots 222 to 306
Lot 295: Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, first edition, descended from William Alexander, London, 1776. $70,000 to $90,000.Lot 238:Bury St. Edmunds Witch Trials, first edition, London, 1682. $2,000 to $3,000.
Lot 328: Marie Curie, Traité de Radioactivité, first edition, two volumes, Paris, 1910. $500 to $750.
19th & 20th Century Literature
From the modern literature portion of the sale comes a limited edition of James Joyce’s Ulysses, one of only 750 printed, this copy bound by Sangorski and Sutcliffe, retaining the original fragile wrappers. A major desideratum for any collection of economic theory is the first edition in English of Friedrich Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, the translation by noted reformer and progressive Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky, an important figure in her own right.Browse Lots 342 to 397
Lot 354: Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, translated by Florence Kelley Wischnewetzky, first edition in English, New York, 1887. $5,000 to $7,500.Lot 378: Jack Kerouac, Doctor Sax, Faust Part Three, deluxe limited edition, signed, New York, 1959. $4,000 to $6,000.
SOTHEBY’S LIVE GLOBAL AUCTION EVENT ACHIEVES $363.2 MILLION AND 93% SOLD
An unprecedented series of three auctions, conducted remotely by Chairman and auctioneer Oliver Barker in London, taking bids from Sotheby’s specialists on phone banks in New York, Hong Kong & London, as well as online bidders. The ongoing sales were live-streamed to the world via seamless, real time video.
AUCTIONS LED BY: Francis Bacon’s Masterpiece Triptych Inspired by the Oresteia of Aeschylus Sold for $84.6 Million ** An Online Bidder Participating from China Competes with a Determined Client Bidding by Phone with Grégoire Billault of Sotheby’s New York Contemporary Art Department in a Dramatic 10-Minute Battle for the Work
WORKS BY WOMEN ARTISTS ARE 100% SOLD 25 Works by 16 Female Artists Are All Sold, Totaling $86 Million and Achieving 5 Auction Records
HIGHEST PRICE FOR ARTWORK SOLD ONLINE SET TWICE IN ONE NIGHT Joan Mitchell’s Garden Party Sells to an Online Bidder for $7.9 Million, Only to Be Surpassed by Jean-Michel Basquiat’s Untitled (Head), Sold for $15.2 Million
SALES FEATURE WORKS EMERGING FROM NOTABLE PRIVATE COLLECTIONS: ‘White Glove Auction’ of Works from The Ginny Williams Collection Are 100% Sold | Total $65.5 Million ** Works from the Collection of Harry W. And Mary Margaret Anderson Are 100% Sold | Total $66.3 Million ** Works from a Private Collection of Latin American Surrealist and Modern Art Are 91% Sold | Total $26.6 Million
WORLD AUCTION RECORDS ESTABLISHED FOR: Mario Carreño | Vija Celmins | Leonor Fini | Helen Frankenthaler | Wifredo Lam | Alice Rahon | Remedios Varo | Matthew Wong | Jean-Michel Basquiat (Work on Paper)
29 June 2020 –Oliver Barker, Chairman of Sotheby’s Europe, and tonight’s auctioneer said, “Being on the rostrum tonight was like being at the epicentre of a cinematic production. We would never have envisioned, even a few months ago, that it would be possible to hold a series of flagship New York sales as an unprecedented live-streamed event, with banks of telephone- bidding colleagues beamed in from around the world. But, just as throughout its 276-year history, Sotheby’s was ready to pivot at a moment’s notice – and tonight we redefined the boundaries of what is possible.”
Grégoire Billault, Head of Sotheby’s Contemporary Art Department in New York, commented: “There is no artist more perfect to star in a new, ground-breaking auction format than Francis Bacon. His masterful triptych has long been celebrated in museum exhibitions, and tonight it left its mark on the market, setting a new benchmark for any bid ever cast online – $73.1 million – before hammering down as the third highest price ever paid for the artist at auction. Witnessing heated competition from New York, London and Hong Kong in real time tonight, it’s clear that the market is very much alive and that the door has been opened to the future of auctions.”
David Galperin, Head of Sotheby’s Evening Auctions of Contemporary Art in New York, said: “The depth of bidding was seriously impressive tonight, with heated competition for a wide range of works; from six bidders battling for the exquisite early 1962 Judd wall relief, to the 20+ collectors who competed for the exceptional Matthew Wong painting that opened our various-owner auction, the night was full of moments we will all remember. The enthusiasm for exceptional works of art reiterated the great demand for quality that stands strong in the market. Our sales were anchored by works emerging from two exceptional private collections. The Ginny Williams Collection began a great evening for female artists overall, and it was particularly poetic to see the same painting for which Ginny set an auction record for Helen Frankenthaler’s work in 2011 smash another record price for the artist tonight. The success of the grouping assembled by Harry W. and Mary Margaret Anderson—with landmark results for significant works by Clyfford Still, Sam Francis, and Richard Diebenkorn— was a testament to their lasting legacy as among the most transformative collectors of Post-war American art, and market yet another season of great results for postwar American abstraction at Sotheby’s.”
Julian Dawes, Sotheby’s Head of the Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale in New York, remarked: “We are thrilled with the results from tonight’s sale, which was marked by tremendous lot-by-lot successes, led by Pablo Picasso’s stunning Head of a Sleeping Woman, a new auction record for Wifredo Lam, and more strong results from The Vanguard Spirit, one of the most distinguished collections of Surrealist & Modern art that has come to market in recent memory. The group of Surrealist women artists from The Vanguard Spirit surged to achieve several new artist records for Leonor Fini, Remedios Varo, and Alice Rahon, with all of them and others far surpassing their high estimates. These results showcase how Surrealism continues to grow as a category to include more diverse artists from around the world and achieve new benchmarks that compete with their peers. As the market continues to embrace new artists, alongside strong results from established mainstays, there is no doubt the market remains resilient and growing, as tonight’s sale clearly showed.”
Anna Di Stasi, Sotheby’s Director of Latin American Art, commented: “Tonight’s groundbreaking result for Wifredo Lam’s masterpiece Omi Obini, also from The Vanguard Spirit, not only resoundingly set a new auction record for the artist, but it also asserts Lam’s place as one of the premier Surrealist artists of his time. The undisputed masterpiece ranks among his finest works, comparably perhaps only to his well-known painting The Jungle, in the permanent collection of MoMA in New York. In the same vein, the Chilean artist Mario Carreño’s Cortadores de caña also established a new auction record, and is one of the most iconic images of la vanguardia Cubana. Since Sotheby’s began featuring Latin American artists in the Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sales rather than separate Latin American Art sales, we have seen them continue to achieve record prices each season, and The Vanguard Spirit emphatically asserted that trend.”EVENING SALES TOTAL: $363.2 MILLION 93.2% Sold by Lot Evening Estimate: $262.1/368.4 Million
• Tonight’s three auctions offered a strong selection of works by women artists, with 25 works by 16 artists totaling $86.1 million, and setting 5 new world auction records
• Each sale offered works emerging from notable private collections, including:
-18 works from The Ginny Williams Collection were 100% sold, totaling $65.5 million
-10 works from the Collection of Harry W. and Mary Margaret Anderson were 100% sold, totaling $66.3 million
-11 works from a private collection of Latin American Surrealist and Modern art titled The Vanguard Spirit were 91% sold (10 sold), totaling $26.6 million
• Surrealist works of art drove the results of the Impressionist & Modern Art Evening Sale, with 14 works by 11 artists totaling $46 million, and setting 4 new world auction records AUCTION RECORDS ACHIEVED FOR:Mario Carreño, Vija Celmins, Leonor Fini, Helen Frankenthaler, Wifredo Lam, Alice Rahon, Remedios Varo, Matthew Wong, Jean-Michel Basquiat (Work on Paper)THE GINNY WILLIAMS COLLECTION EVENING SALE Auction Total: $65.5 Million Sale Estimate $35.9/51.7 Million 100% Sold by Lot
• The evening opened with a dedicated ‘white glove’ auction (100% sold) of 18 works from the collection of Ginny Williams, the trailblazing dealer and collector of Abstract Expressionist and contemporary art
• Featuring works by trailblazing female modernists, the sale featured three works by Joan Mitchell that together achieved $22.7 million. The group was led by Straw from 1976, which sold for $8.8 million (estimate $5/7 million).
-Mitchell’s Garden Party from 1962 achieved $7.9 million (estimate $4/6 million) – at the time marking Sotheby’s highest-ever price for a work sold to an online bidder, which was surpassed later this evening
-Together the three paintings form a mini-retrospective of Mitchell’s work – spanning the breadth of her paintings from the Abstract Expressionist-inspired masterpieces of the mid-1950s to the monumental canvases of the 1970s
• Helen Frankenthaler’s Royal Fireworks achieved $7.9 million (estimate $2/3 million) – a new world auction record for the artist
-Williams set a new world auction record for the artist when she acquired Royal Fireworks in 2011
-The luminous and monumental canvas extending nearly 15-feet across is a masterpiece from her highly acclaimed period of production in the mid-1970s
-The previous Frankenthaler record was set at Sotheby’s in May 2018 when Blue Reach sold for $3 million in our Contemporary Art Day Auction
•Lee Krasner’s Re-Echo from 1957 led the auction, achieving $9 million (estimate $4/6 million) – the second- highest price for the artist at auction
•Sotheby’s sales of works from The Ginny Williams Collection continue throughout 2020, including in tomorrow’s Contemporary Art Day Auction as well as a dedicated sale of Photographs from the collection on 14 July
CONTEMPORARY ART EVENING AUCTION Auction Total: $234.9 Million Sale Estimate: $171.4/239.1 Million 96.7% Sold by Lot
• Our two Contemporary Art auctions this evening together achieved $300.4 million – surpassing our November 2019 evening total for the category ($270.5 million)
•The Contemporary auction was led by Francis Bacon’s large-format masterpiece Triptych Inspired by the Oresteia of Aeschylus from 1981, which sold for $84.6 million – surpassing its $80 million high estimate and marking the third-highest price for the artist’s work at auction
-The work sold to a phone bidder with Grégoire Billault of Sotheby’s NY Contemporary Art Department following a ten-minute bidding battle with an online bidder participating from China
-The work is one of 28 large-format triptychs that Bacon created between 1962 and 1991, and only the 6th example ever to appear at auction
-Inspired by Aeschylus’s trilogy of Greek tragedies dating to the 5th century B.C., the present triptych stands as one of the most ambitious, enigmatic, and important works of Bacon’s oeuvre, and a landmark of 20th century art
-Acquired in 1984 by the Norwegian collector Hans Rasmus Astrup, the triptych has been in the care of Astrup Fearnley Museet in Oslo since its founding by Mr. Astrup in 1993
• A spectacular group of abstract masterpieces from the Collection of Harry W. and Mary Margaret Anderson highlighted the auction. All 10 works were sold, for a total of $66.3 million
-The group was led by Clyfford Still’s PH-144 (1947-Y-No.1) from 1947 painted at the formative apex of the artist’s career, which sold for $28.7 million
-One of the finest works by the artist to appear at auction since Sotheby’s 2011 sales on behalf of the city of Denver to benefit the Clyfford Still Museum
• Jean-Michel Basquiat’s masterwork ‘Untitled (Head)’ achieved $15.2 million, marking a new world auction record for a work on paper by the artist, as well as Sotheby’s highest-ever price for a work sold to an online bidder (following the Mitchell earlier this evening), following an eight minute bidding battle. The work represents one of the most accomplished of Basquiat’s iconic ‘Heads’ on paper.
•Sotheby’s offered a number of artists for the first time in our Contemporary Art Evening Auctions, including:
-Vija Celmins, whose Night Sky #7 sold for $6.6 million – a new world auction record for the artist. The painting was included in Celmins’s major retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York in 2019.
-Matthew Wong, whose The Realm of Appearances sold for $1.8 million – a new world auction record for the artist (estimate $60/80,000). Sotheby’s established the previous record of $62,500 in our online Day Auction in May.
• Tonight’s auction featured Roy Lichtenstein’s White Brushstroke I from 1965, which sold for $25.4 million. The work is one of the most striking examples from Lichtenstein’s iconic series of Brushstroke paintings, which comprises 15 canvases executed in 1965-66 that are regarded as pivotal masterworks of the Pop Art movement.
IMPRESSIONIST & MODERN ART EVENING SALE Auction Total: $62.8 Million Sale Estimate $54.9/77.7 Million 84.6% Sold by Lot
• The final auction of the night featured 11 works from The Vanguard Spirit, which together achieved $26.6 million and set 5 new world auction records (estimate $16.3/23.7 million). The collection represents one of the most distinguished private assemblages of Surrealist and Modern Art from Latin America ever to appear at auction.
-The group was led by Wifredo Lam’s Omi Obini from 1943, which sold for $9.6 million – a new world auction record for Lam
▪Painted at the apex of Lam’s career, the painting is only comparable to his masterwork The Jungle, also from 1943, which resides in the Museum of Modern Art, New York’s permanent collection
-Seven works by women Surrealists in the collection totaled $13.7 million, led by two oils by Remedios Varo: Armonía (Autorretrato Sugerente) from 1956 which brought $6.2 million – a new world auction record for the artist; and Microcosmos (or Determinismo) from 1959 which achieved $1.8 million.
▪ Realized in the final years of Varo’s life, the two works are exemplary of her signature fantastical imagery and complex narratives ▪ The previous auction record for Varo was $ 4.3 million, set at Sotheby’s in November 2014.
-Additional world auction records for female Surrealist artists were achieved for Leonor Fini, whose Figures on a Terrace (Composition with Figures on a Terrace; La Terrasse) from 1938 sold for $980,000 and Alice Rahon, whose Los Cuatro hijos del arco iris from 1960 brought $512,000.
–Mario Carreño’s Cortadores de caña from 1943 also set a new world auction record for the Chilean artist, selling for $2.7 million
▪ One of the most iconic images of la vanguardia Cubana, the work was included in the landmark MoMA exhibition Modern Cuban Painters, organized in 1944 by Alfred H. Barr. ▪ The previous auction record for Carreño was $2.6 million, established for another 1943 work sold at Sotheby’s in May 2007
-The running total for The Vanguard Spirit is $29.2 million, with additional works to be offered in
• The final auction of the night was led by Pablo Picasso’s 1934 depiction of his golden muse Marie-Thérèse Walter, Tête de femme endormie (Head of a Sleeping Woman), which sold for $11.2 million
-The work last appeared at auction in 1960, when it sold for £4,500 GBP, and has remained in the same collection for seven decades since it was acquired by Carmen and David Lloyd Kreeger in 1962
Two other works by Picasso also brought strong prices: Femme assise from 1929, a Surrealist painting which depicts his first wife, Olga Khokhlova, sold for $4.8 million; and Le reservoir, one of his finest landscape paintings from the 1950s, achieved $2.9 million.
Bonhams Motorcycle Department’s ‘Summer Sale‘ will take place in the incredible surroundings of Bicester Heritage, Oxfordshire, on 14-16 August. The sale will be on view in the 50,000 sq ft former RAF Bomber Station hangar at Bicester Heritage, with pre-sale viewing on the 13 & 14 August by appointment.
The sale features more than 580 lots and will take place over three days, with a sale of the Spares and Memorabilia (including The Morbidelli Collection Spares and Memorabilia) on Friday 14 August. The motorcycles from the The Morbidelli Collection will be offered on Sunday 16 August.
Department Director, Ben Walker commented; “Bicester Heritage is a fitting backdrop for what is set to be a truly memorable sale with a brand new live and online auction format. Bonhams inaugural Live & Online Motoring Auction on Saturday 30 May at Bicester Heritage clearly demonstrated the appeal and appetite for this auction format and we saw a significant increase in bidder registrations. The sale total exceeded £2million and had a combined sell-through rate of 80%. 100% of all motorcycles sold to new owners, 82% selling above top estimate.”
One of the highlights of the sale is an ultra-rare 1975 Suzuki 750cc XR11 Formula 750 Racing Motorcycle ridden to victory in the 1976 Isle of Man Classic TT by Texaco Heron Team Suzuki works rider John Williams. It has an estimate of £42,000-48,000. The bike represents the final development of Suzuki XR11 Formula 750 racer (also known as the TR750). Initially dubbed the ‘Flexy Flier’ on account of its wayward handling, it was an XR11 that Barry Sheene was riding when he had that famous Daytona crash in 1975 – though that was notably caused by a tyre failure rather than any inherent deficiency in the machine.
The XR11 had been developed from the GT750 roadster for the increasingly popular 750-class racing. For its 750 racer, Suzuki up-rated the GT750 engine with different cylinders, a dry clutch and magnesium castings; they also developed an entirely new lightweight frame, and it was this that would prove the XR11’s Achilles Heel. Made from tubing that was too small in diameter, it flexed under power, hence that famous sobriquet. Maximum power was raised from an initial 100bhp in 1972 to 116bhp for 1975 in the XR11’s final incarnation. By this time the frame had undergone several revisions to strengthen it, and for 1975 the chassis was further updated with an XR14 (RG500) swinging arm and lay-down shock absorbers. At last the XR’s handling was no longer a handicap, as evidenced by John Williams’ Isle of Man TT victory in ’76. Indeed, John had made history in the Senior race by setting the first 110mph lap of the Mountain Circuit and repeated that feat on board his XR11 in the Classic race.
Born in 1946, John Williams made his racing debut in 1964 and progressed through club racing ranks to make his Isle of Man debut in the Manx Grand Prix in 1966. Williams swiftly established a reputation as a public roads specialist, securing his first IoM win in the 1971 500 Production TT. John would go on to win a further three TTs and score nine podium finishes. He was sponsored by Tom Arter and then Gerald Brown before signing for Texaco Heron Team Suzuki for 1976, joining Barry Sheene and John Newbold.
Records show that the machine offered here is a 1975 model, first used by the Suzuki works team in the USA, which was despatched to the UK at the end of the ’75 season together with the team’s equipment when it pulled out of racing. Suzuki’s American works riders for 1975 had been Dave Aldana and Pat Hennen. According to former Texaco Heron Team Suzuki race engineer Nigel Everett (letter on file), ‘GT750-62865’ (the last of the frame number sequence) was assigned to works rider Percy Tait in 1976 for use in Formula 750 events – and it is believed this is the machine Percy won the 750 Class in the 1976 North West 200 on – before being allocated to John Williams halfway through the season.
Texaco Heron Team Suzuki did not campaign the XR11s after 1976 and the bikes were disposed of, this example being sold to Percy Tait on 4th November ’76 (the Percy Tait Racing stickers are still on the fairing). By this time Percy had retired from racing (following a serious accident in the Isle of Man Production TT in 1976) and become a Suzuki dealer. It is not known whether or not Percy sponsored another rider on the XR11.
The current vendor, a motorcycle racing enthusiast with an important private collection, saw this XR11 advertised in MCN in the early 1980s and purchased it from the owner, a garage proprietor in Leominster. The Suzuki has been kept as part of his collection since then and is presented in wonderful ‘as last raced’ condition. Ex-factory machines of this pedigree – original and unmolested – rarely come to the market, making this ultra-rare and historic TT-winning XR11 of exceptional interest to collectors.
The sale will be a Live ‘Behind-Closed-Doors’ auction. The auctioneer will be present on the rostrum as usual, and bids will be accepted in the following formats: online, on the phone, or by leaving an absentee bid. All bidding will be conducted remotely via a live stream online and in accordance with the latest government guidelines. Pre-sale viewing of all lots is by appointment only. Live and interactive video condition reports and enhanced online ‘walk around video’ content will be available for bidders.
The sale is not taking place at The Stafford County Showground following the recent announcement that The International Classic MotorCycle Show, scheduled for the 15 & 16 August, has been cancelled.
Multi-instrumentalist and founding member of festival mainstay Railroad Earth, Andy Goessling (1959-2018) had a passion for musical instruments as big as it was eclectic. Accumulated over a lifetime, this special collection of more than 100 lots bridges centuries, from pre-Columbian flutes to Jazz Age saxophones, orphaned antique zithers to sought-after vintage guitars, and each a part of Andy’s musical legacy. A portion of the proceeds from the sale of this collection to benefit MusiCares, providing a safety net of critical assistance for music people in times of need, including our peers in the music community affected by the Coronavirus pandemic.
First Live Watch Auction of 2020 with in Room Bidding and a
Record Number of 2,000 Online Bidders
World Records Included a Patek Philippe Reference 1518 from 1948 in Pink Gold with Pink Dial Selling for CHF 3.4 million / US$ 3.6 million
&
Two Extremely Rare F.P. Journe Models Tourbillon Souverain and Resonance both from his Original “Souscription” Series Achieving a
Combined Total of CHF 2.4 million
Auctioneer Aurel Bacs on the rostrum selling lot 38 in The Geneva Watch Auction XI
Sold for: CHF 3,380,000 / $3,565,224 / €3,177,538
The Geneva Watch Auction XI
TOTAL: CHF 30,072,875 / $31,720,869 / €28,271,510
Lots sold: 210|Lots offered: 210 Sold by lot: 100% | Sold by value: 100%
GENEVA – 29 JUNE 2020 – Phillips in Association with Bacs & Russo has resumed its live watch auctions with the Geneva Watch Auction XI achieving a total of CHF 30,072,875 / $31,720,869 / €28,271,510, selling 100% by lot and 100% by value. Exceeding the pre-sale estimate of CHF 12.2 CHF million to CHF 23.2, this marked the first live watch auction in 2020 with in room bidding since the lockdown was lifted and saw numerous world records achieved across multiple watch brands. Despite the current climate, Phillips continues to attract an increasing number of collectors, with bidders from across 70 countries raising their paddles, including an unprecedented number of over 2,000 online bidders, double that of May 2019.
This is both the first ever white glove sale (100% of lots sold) and the highest sale total for a non-thematic various owner watch auction, exceeding the May 2019 sale total by 20%. The tightly curated offering of 210 collector watches of exceptional quality was highlighted by the four Patek Philippe cover-lots, property of watch industry titan Mr. Jean-Claude Biver, selling for a total of CHF 8,307,500 against a pre-sale estimate of CHF 3.3 million to CHF 6.6 million.
Patek Philippe models once again dominated the sale, with two timepieces from Mr. Biver’s private collection making it to the top ten, all achieving world auction records.
The Legendary Patek Philippe Ref. 1518 (lot 38), one of the world’s most sought-after watches, captivated the saleroom and online bidders alike, igniting an intense bidding war of four minutes, eventually selling for CHF 3,380,000 / $3,565,224 / €3,177,538. One of only twelve examples known, this extremely rare Patek Philippe perpetual calendar chronograph wristwatch with moonphases made in 1948, almost tripled its low estimate and established a new world record for a Ref. 1518 in precious metal.
The spectacularly preserved Patek Philippe Ref. 2499 second series in yellow gold (lot 155) sold for CHF 2,600,000 / $2,742,480 / €2,444,260. This extremely rare and important perpetual calendar chronograph set a world record for a Patek Philippe Ref. 2499 second series in yellow gold.
A further lot to soar above the $2 million mark was the final lot of the sale (lot 214), one of only three known Ref. 1579 chronographs in platinum with blue hard enamel graphics and spider lugs, which sold for CHF1,940,000 / $2,046,312 / €1,823,794.
Finally, a pink gold open face world time Patek Philippe pocket watch Ref. 605 HU with an incredibly vibrant cloisonné enamel dial depicting a map of Europe, Asia, Africa, previouslyunknown and most probably unique, sold for CHF 1,160,000, setting a new world record for the reference.
The back cover lots did not disappoint either, two exquisite F.P. Journe “Souscription” models sold for a total of CHF 2.4 million against a pre-sale estimate of CHF 230,000 to CHF 460,000. Consigned by famous Parisian Jeweller Lorenz Baümer, these models set new world record prices for F.P. Journe timepieces at auction (excluding charity auctions). The Tourbillon Souverain (lot 101) sold for CHF1,400,000, almost ten times its pre low estimate, and the platinum and pink gold Resonance (lot 49) sold for CHF1,040,000.
Iconic vintage sports watches achieved remarkable results with Patek Philippe Nautilus and Royal Oak models performing extremely well, in particular the white gold Nautilus ref 3700 (lot 14) selling for CHF 740,000 and fetching a new world record for this variant. Exceedingly rare, this watch is one of only eleven known reference 3700s cased in white gold.
An auction room favorite, Rolex achieved two world records including a superbly well-preserved yellow gold Ref. 6241 Paul Newman John Player Special (lot 78) selling for CHF 1,040,000 and a Ref. 6232 in pink gold selling for CHF 740,000.
Notable results were achieved by other models by prestigious brands such as the IWC cloisonné enamel dial, a Vacheron Constantin minute repeater, and modern A. Lange & Söhne wristwatches.
The Independents’ Atelier, the section dedicated to independent watchmakers, a field that Phillips has long supported and is market leaderin the auction world, sold 100% by lot. Highlights included the ground-breaking Opus 3 Vianney Halter for Harry Winston (lot 142) in platinum that sold for CHF 168,750, and a unique Kari Voutilainen Vingt-8 with enamel and engraved caseback in white gold (lot 141) that sold for CHF 125,000. The Singer Reimagined Track 1 prototype (lot 100) sold for CHF 52,500 and set a world record for any Singer Reimagined at auction.
Aurel Bacs, Senior Consultant Bacs &Russo and Alex Ghotbi, Head of Watches, Continental Europe and Middle East, enthusiastically declared: “Setting up this sale was an emotional roller coaster ride! With the lockdown arriving in Europe in March 2020, the catalogue had to be finalised and the auction organised remotely from home, without knowing if and how the auction could be held. The incredible dedication of the Phillips worldwide team brought this auction to fruition in a first ever various owners white glove sale. We are humbled by the trust of our consignors who did not withdraw a single lot from the sale, demonstrating their confidence in us. We also express our gratitude to our clients whose trust in us is so high that they bought the watches sight unseen (as there was no traveling exhibition). We would also love to thank the Phillips international teams for their unwavering support and commitment. This sale demonstrated the markets insatiable appetite for quality timepieces. With over 2,000 online registrants we had close to ten times more bidders than lots on offer showing the increasing growth of the market both in size and depth.”
With a new auction set-up where health and safety were the top priority, social distancing was fully respected in the saleroom, with all available seats occupied. Meanwhile, Phillips Hong Kong organised a fully functioning movie theatre at the Soho Club, in the so-called Pink Room. On both Saturday and Sunday evening, up to 40 collectors gathered to follow the sale live, bidding and participating as if they were in the Geneva saleroom.
Interest was extremely strong from day one, as soon as the catalogue went live. The sale saw truly global attendance between absentee bidders, online bidders, in room bidders and phone bidders from 70 countries around the world. Digital participation smashed all previous records with 2,000 online registrants, attesting to the ever-growing importance of online participation. With restrictions on global travel, watches were made available via video, Zoom presentations, digital condition reports, webinars and a wealth of digital content.
On Thursday, July 23, Copley Fine Art Auctions, the nation’s premier decoy and sporting art auction house, will host their Sporting Sale 2020. The sale, consisting of 294 lots, will offer the opportunity to take home world-class paintings and bird carvings. Auctioneer Peter Cocculuto will be conducting the live sale once again; however, in light of the current Covid-19 restrictions, the auction will be held at Copley’s headquarters and there will not be any in-person bidding. The auction will be live-streamed and will utilize phone, absentee, and internet bidding. Phone bidders are strongly encouraged to sign up early. The live auction will begin at 10 a.m. on Thursday, July 23.
Copley Principal Stephen O’Brien Jr. reports, “I’ve been surprised by the number of big private sales we have been seeing over the last month. The market for top-notch decoys and paintings has been quite resilient. We saw this in 2008 and 2009 as well. Having something on the wall or shelf gives our clients a tremendous amount of security. You don’t have to worry about losing secret keys like you do with cryptocurrencies. Most importantly, art brings our clients a tremendous amount of joy.”
The auction’s fine art highlights include a major quail hunting watercolor by Ogden M. Pleissner ($40/60,000) and two watercolors by Aiden Lassell Ripley: the vibrant A Pair of Pheasants ($14/18,000) and Pheasants Near the Old Farm ($12/18,000).
Two oil paintings by Francis Lee Jaques, created in the 1940s for Alexander Sprunt Jr.’s book South Carolina Bird Life will be available. Inland Waterway Scene and Tidal Creek Scene are two of Jaques’ classics of ornithological reference, showing over a dozen birds in their natural environment ($10/15,000 each). Additional paintings will cross the block by Lynn Bogue Hunt, Richard LaBarre Goodwin, Eric Sloane, David A. Hagerbaumer, Owen Gromme, Lanford Monroe, and George Browne, among others.
Lot 12, Thomas Aquinas Daly (b. 1937) Electric Mountain, Oil on board; Estimate $8,000-$12,000
Three works by Thomas Aquinas Daly will come up for bid, led by Electric Mountain, a stunning depiction of elk and one of the largest works the artist ever completed ($8/12,000). O’Brien is excited to handle this work: “I’d be shocked if this painting doesn’t set a new world record for the artist; if it doesn’t, someone will be stealing it.” Additionally, a number of acrylic paintings from noted contemporary artist Chet Reneson will be available, as well as new works from Ewoud de Groot, Luke Frazier, David Allen, Gordon Allen, and Al Barker, and pieces by John Swan, Jim Morgan, Dave Chapple, Dave Hodges, and David Lazarus.
The decoys to be offered at the Sporting Sale 2020 are led by the O’Brien-Nelson Hollow Nantucket Curlew, carved in the late-19th century by Charles F. Coffin (1835-1919)
($125/175,000). The sale will once again include important carvings by the “father of American bird carving” A. Elmer Crowell (1862–1952): an Open-Bill Calling Decorative Yellowlegs ($60/90,000), a P. W. Whittemore Rig Willet ($25/35,000), and a rare, possibly unique, Alighting Tern ($15/20,000).
This July two iconic American mergansers will grace the auction: The Starr American Merganser Drake ($40/60,000) by Joseph W. Lincoln (1859-1938) of Accord, MA, and a merganser hen by John Dawson (1889-1959) ($40/60,000). The sale will also feature two other rare works by the Accord Pond maker, a canvas long-tailed drake ($10/14,000) and a willet ($4,5/6,500). Two exceptional plover carvings by Melvin Gardner Lawrence (1880-1930), a sleeper ($30/50,000) and a runner ($20/30,000), are also on offer. Both works hail from the Thomas K. Figge Collection and the former can be seen spanning the front dust-jacket cover of the Museum of American Bird Art’s Massachusetts Masterpieces book.
Other important works include an early canvas scoter ($18/24,000) by Lothrop Turner Holmes (1824-1899), a folky pair of bluebills ($10/14,000) by Frank W. Buchner (1871-1947), a rare cork-bodied goose ($5/8,000) by “Shang” Wheeler (1872-1949), a Mason Factory mallard ($10/15,000) from the rig of G. K. Schmidt, and an eider pair ($8/12,000) by Capt. Merritt P. Pinkham (1861-1947) with exceptional provenance, previously owned by David and Peggy Rockefeller, Donal C. O’Brien Jr., and Dr. George Ross Starr Jr.
Lot 239, Rigmate Pintail Pair, The Ward Brothers; Estimate $12,000-$16,000
The top Ward Brothers carvings include a rigmate pair of pintails ($12/16,000), an outstanding black duck ($10/14,000), and a classic 1936 canvasback hen ($10/15,000). Contemporary works by carver Mark McNair include a cohesive rig of six shorebird species, an eider with mussel, and a hollow plover with a dovetailed head.
“The decoy market is the fastest growing segment of the sporting art market. Advances in research, tracking, and transparency have given buyers a much higher degree of confidence. This has translated into steady growth in terms of higher prices for vetted works and a greater number of collectors participating,” explains Copley Decoy Specialist Colin S. McNair. He continues, “Provenance gets a lot of attention here at Copley, and it deserves every bit of it. In this sale, as has been the standard, many of the early and source collectors, including Mackey, O’Brien, Starr, and Hillman, are represented as prior owners. What is of particular note is the inclusion of consignments from some of the field’s defining modern-day figures, including Mr. Evans, Mr. Figge, and the Harmons. Those three names alone have made tremendous contributions through books, museum exhibitions, and the Crowell Foundation. It is an honor to represent them.”
